The Effect of Extensive Reading on Developing the Grammatical Accuracy of the EFL Freshmen at Al Al-Bayt University

The study aimed at determining the degree of the effect of extensive reading on developing the grammatical  accuracy  of the EFL freshmen at Al-al-Bayt University (a public university in Mafraq city in Northern Jordan).  The study sample consisted of 60 male and female students distributed in two groups: the experimental group and the control group; each group consisted of 30 students. The two groups were randomly selected as representatives of the whole population which includes (158) freshmen students. The subjects in the two groups were given a writing test in which a short paragraph was required to be written. Then the researchers  started to assign several extensive reading tasks of various topics. These readings were read and summarized in written forms by the subjects in the experimental group. After a period of 6 weeks, (20/3 – 1/5) in the second semester of the academic year 2011/2012, the subjects in both groups were given the same test in which they write a short paragraph about: "The difficulties they face in their university life". The two tests (pre and post) were corrected and the researchers compared their results in order to measure the effect of the treatment, which is extensive reading, on the students'  writing  grammatical  accuracy . The scores' mean value and standard deviation in each group were calculated. The study yielded the finding that extensive reading had a positive impact on enhancing the  grammatical accuracy of the EFL freshmen at Al al-Bayt university. Key Words: Extensive Reading, Grammatical Accuracy

The Effectiveness of Dramatic Role-Playing on the Linguistic Achievement and the Development of Verbal Expressive Performance among the Basic 4th Grade Students in Jordan

This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the dramatic role- playing upon the linguistic achievement and the development of verbal expressive performance among the basic 4th grade students in Jordan. To achieve the aims of the study, a linguistic patterns achievement test and the verbal expressive performance checklist were used. The sample of the study consisted of (52) 4th grade students from a school that was purposefully selected from public school of Al- Zarqa educational district. The sample was randomly distributed into two groups. The experimental group consisted of (25) students who were taught by             ) dramatic role- playing methods, and the control group consisted of 27( students who were taught by the conventional methods. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the linguistic pattern achievement test and the verbal expressive performance checklist in the favor of the experimental group. Key words: Dramatic, Role-playing, Linguistic Achievement, Verbal Expressive Performance

A Methodology Based on Steganography and Cryptography to Protect Highly Secure Messages

Steganography and cryptography are very important techniques used in data security to hide and secure secret messages in transmitted data. This paper will introduce, implement and test a novel methodology which can be used as a secure and highly efficient method of data hiding and data extracting. Some efficiency parameters will be experimentally obtained and compared with other existing methods parameters to prove the efficiency of the proposed methodology

Structural and Optoelectronic Characterization of Synthesized Undoped CZTS and Cd-doped CZTS Thin Films

138-149Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) thin films with different doping ratios of Cadmium (Cd) were successfully fabricated using the sol-gel method by dip-coating technique. The surface morphology, the crystal structure properties as well the optical properties of undoped CZTS thin film and Cd- doped CZTS thin films were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. SEM micrographs demonstrated that the size and morphology of the particles improve due to increasing the Cd concentration in CZTS thin films. In addition, the XRD patterns exhibited the crystalline nature for CZTS thin films with kesterite crystal structure and showed improvement in some crystal structure properties such as crystal size and volume of unit cell with the incorporation of Cd into CZTS thin films. Moreover, optical bandgap energy , in addition to several optoelectronic parameters such as refractive index (), extinction coefficient (), dispersion energy, high-frequency dielectric constant, density of state, Plasma frequency, and relaxation time have been estimated. Remarkably, the bandgap energy of CZTS thin films ranges from 1.594 to 1.529 depending on the Cd content; it increases with increases the concentration of Cd into CZTS thin films

Pion double charge exchange on 4He

The doubly differential cross sections for the $^4$He$(\pi^+,\pi^-) 4p$ reaction were calculated using both a two-nucleon sequential single charge exchange model and an intranuclear cascade code. Final state interactions between the two final protons which were the initial neutrons were included in both methods. At incident pion energies of 240 and 270 MeV the low-energy peak observed experimentally in the energy spectrum of the final pions can be understood only if the contribution of pion production is included. The calculated cross sections are compared with data.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

Earth system science frontiers - an early career perspective

The exigencies of the global community toward Earth system science will increase in the future as the human population, economies, and the human footprint on the planet continue to grow. This growth, combined with intensifying urbanization, will inevitably exert increasing pressure on all ecosystem services. A unified interdisciplinary approach to Earth system science is required that can address this challenge, integrate technical demands and long-term visions, and reconcile user demands with scientific feasibility. Together with the research arms of the World Meteorological Organization, the Young Earth System Scientists community has gathered early-career scientists from around the world to initiate a discussion about frontiers of Earth system science. To provide optimal information for society, Earth system science has to provide a comprehensive understanding of the physical processes that drive the Earth system and anthropogenic influences. This understanding will be reflected in seamless prediction systems for environmental processes that are robust and instructive to local users on all scales. Such prediction systems require improved physical process understanding, more high-resolution global observations, and advanced modeling capability, as well as high-performance computing on unprecedented scales. At the same time, the robustness and usability of such prediction systems also depend on deepening our understanding of the entire Earth system and improved communication between end users and researchers. Earth system science is the fundamental baseline for understanding the Earth’s capacity to accommodate humanity, and it provides a means to have a rational discussion about the consequences and limits of anthropogenic influence on Earth. Without its progress, truly sustainable development will be impossible. © 2017 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses)

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Transport-theoretical Description of Nuclear Reactions

In this review we first outline the basics of transport theory and its recent generalization to off-shell transport. We then present in some detail the main ingredients of any transport method using in particular the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) implementation of this theory as an example. We discuss the potentials used, the ground state initialization and the collision term, including the in-medium modifications of the latter. The central part of this review covers applications of GiBUU to a wide class of reactions, starting from pion-induced reactions over proton and antiproton reactions on nuclei to heavy-ion collisions (up to about 30 AGeV). A major part concerns also the description of photon-, electron- and neutrino-induced reactions (in the energy range from a few 100 MeV to a few 100 GeV). For this wide class of reactions GiBUU gives an excellent description with the same physics input and the same code being used. We argue that GiBUU is an indispensable tool for any investigation of nuclear reactions in which final-state interactions play a role. Studies of pion-nucleus interactions, nuclear fragmentation, heavy ion reactions, hyper nucleus formation, hadronization, color transparency, electron-nucleus collisions and neutrino-nucleus interactions are all possible applications of GiBUU and are discussed in this article.Comment: 173 pages, review article. v2: Text-rearrangements in sects. 2 and 3 (as accepted for publication in Physics Reports

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